HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Based on the development of computer technology, the development can be divided into 2 parts:
• Prior to the year 1940.
• After 1940.
Since time immemorial, the data processing has been done by humans. Humans also find mechanical appliances and electronics to help human beings in the calculation and processing of data in order to obtain faster results. Computers that we see today is a long evolution of human discoveries sejah immemorial form of mechanical or electronic devices. Today computers and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and work. Existing computers now have a greater ability than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them is a computer system capable of reading gauze supermarket groceries code, telephone exchange that handles millions of calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet that connect different parts of the world. After all of the data processing equipment since ancient times till now can we classify into 4 major categories. Manual equipment: ie data processing equipment is very simple, and the most important factor in the use of power tools is to use the human hand.
Mechanical Equipment: the equipment that has been shaped mechanical driven manually by hand.
• Electronic Mechanical Equipment: Equipment mechanic driven automatically by the electronic motor
• Electronic Equipment: Equipment that works fully electronically.
Some of the equipment has been used as a count before the invention of computers:
• Abacus. Appeared about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places to this day, can be considered as the beginning of computing machines. This tool allows users to perform calculations using sliding grains arranged on a shelf. The merchants in those using abacus to calculate trade transactions. Along with the emergence of a pencil and paper, especially in Europe, Abacus lost its popularity.
• numerical wheel calculator. After almost 12 centuries, came another invention in terms of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make tax calculations. This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight serrated wheel to add up the numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on the number ten. The downside of this tool is only terbataas to do the sums.
• numerical wheel calculator 2. In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that can multiply. Just like its predecessor, is a mechanical device works by using the wheels serrations. By studying the notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can refine tools.
• Mechanical Calculator. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. Colmar mechanical calculator, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. With his ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era. Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural compatibility between mechanical engineering and mathematics: excellent mechanical machines in the same tasks repeatedly without mistake, while mathematics requires a simple repetition of certain measures. The problem is growing up putting engines kemudain mechanics as a tool to address the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this situation in 1822 when he proposed a machine for performing calculations differensil equation. The machine is called Differential Engine. By using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results
automatically. After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage suddenly inspired to start a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicating to the public the specifications Anlytical Engine. In addition, a good understanding of Augusta this machine enables them to make the instructions to put one in the machine and also making it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA with the name as a tribute to him. In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also apply the principle of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task was to find a faster way to perform calculations for the U.S. Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete the calculation. With a growing population, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to complete the calculation sensus.Pada next period, several engineers made other new enemuan p. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931. The machine can solve complex differential equations that is considered complicated by academics. The machine is very large and heavy because hundreds of gears and shafts are required to perform calculations. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer electrically Boolean algebra in electrical circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying the conditions are right and wrong in the electrical circuit in the form of terhubungterputus, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electronic computer in 1940. But those projects stalled due to loss of funding.
After the 1940
The development of a computer after the year 1940 is further divided into 5 generations
The first generation of computers (1940-1959).
This first generation computers used vacuum tubes to process and store data. He became fast heat and flammable, therefore thousands of vacuum tubes required to run the entire operation of the computer. It also requires a lot of electrical energy that causes interference in the surrounding region electrically. The first generation of computers is 100% electronic and aid experts in solving calculations quickly and accurately. Some first-generation computers:
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) was designed by Dr. John Mauchly and Presper Eckert in 1946. The computer generation is starting to store data
which is known as the concept of storing data (stored program concept) proposed by John Von Neuman.
• COMPUTER EDVAC use vacuum tubes have also been reduced in the design of computer EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) in which the calculation is faster than ENIAC.
• COMPUTER EDSAC EDSAC (Electonic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) introduced the use of mercury (mercury) in a tube for storing data. UNIVAC 1 Computer. In 1951 Dr. Mauchly and Eckert created the first UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) The first computer used to process trade data
Second generation computers (1959 - 1964)
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of electric machines is reduced drastically. The transistor used in computers began in 1956. Other findings in the form of magnetic core memory-second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is making superkomputer.IBM supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, both developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Replacing the second generation computer machine language to assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code. In the early 1960s, computers began to appear successful second generation in the business, in universities and in pemerintahan.Komputer second-generation computer is a computer which used transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: printers, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
• COMPUTER DEC PDP-8. One important example of this is the computer in the IBM 1401 that is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information. The program stored in the computer programming language in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print customer invoices and minutes later design products or calculate paychecks. Some programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. These languages ​​replaced cryptic binary machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This makes it easy for someone to program a computer. Various New types of careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). Software industry also began to appear and grow during this second generation of computers.
Third-generation (1964 - early 80s)
Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, made from quartz. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) which allows the engine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
The fourth-generation (early 80s)
After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip. Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half coin prices eased and the size of the computer. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability. Intel 4004 chip made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task spesifik.Sekarang, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all demands. Not long after, everyday household items such as microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors. Such developments allow ordinary people to use computers. Computers are no longer a dominance of large firms or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued their trend toward a smaller size, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) to a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be held (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a computer-based teks.Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices. At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to harness their potential developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. The computer network allows a single computer to establish electronic collaboration to complete a task process. By using direct cabling (also called a local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
The fifth generation computer (future)
Many advances in computer design and technology allows pembuatankomputer semkain fifth generation. Two such engineering advances are parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work as one. Another advance is superconductor technology, which allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information. Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) was also set up to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm. We wait for which information is more valid and fruitful.