'Robert Galbraith' and the Story Behind 7 Other Famous Pen Names

J.K. Rowling, author of the famed "Harry Potter" fiction series, confirmed Sunday she had published a crime novel titled "The Cuckoo's Calling" in April, using the pen name "Robert Galbraith" which loosely translates to "famous stranger" (Robert being derived from old Germanic for "fame" and "Galbraith" being a Scottish clan named after the Gaelic word for "British foreigner").

[READ: J.K. Rowling Revealed as Writer Behind Crime Novel]

Last week, The Sunday Times of London began investigating whether Rowling had actually written "The Cuckoo's Calling" when a mysterious Twitter user suggested she had to a Times columnist who had been raving about the book.

Rowling explained in statement released by her publicist, "It has been wonderful to publish without hype or expectation, and pure pleasure to get feedback from publishers and readers under a different name," and said doing so was a "liberating experience."

The "Harry Potter" author stands on well trodden ground in opting for a pen name to publish books. Here are some other famous anonymous authors and the stories behind their noms de plume:

The Brontë Sisters/ Currer, Ellis and Action Bell

Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë used the names Currer, Ellis and Action Bell, respectively, to publish a book of poetry together in 1846. They continued to use the names when they went on to separately publish their own novels, including "Jane Eyre" by "Currer Bell," "Wuthering Heights" by "Ellis Bell" and "Agnes Grey" by "Action Bell." In 1850, Charlotte cleared up the mystery behind the names. She wrote that the sisters had used them because there were "averse to personal publicity" and that they had taken the names, "Christian" and "positively masculine," because their "mode of writing and thinking was not what is called 'feminine.' "
  Mary Ann Evans/ George Eliot

Like the Brontë sisters, Mary Ann Evans took on a male pseudonym to publish her early works. "George" she chose after the name of her romantic partner, George Lewes, and "Eliot" because she said it was "a good mouth-filling word." The success of her novel "Adam Bede" forced her to come forward and the revelation of her affair with Lewes – who was married to another woman – caused great controversy.
 Charles Dickens/ Boz

 Charles Dickens used the name "Boz" to publish his early short stories, or "sketches," as he called them. He later explained that the name came from his pet name for his brother, who he called "Moses" after a character in the "The Vicar of Wakefield." "Moses" when pronounced nasally, came out "Boses" which Dickens further shortened to "Boz."
 Charles Lutwidge Dodgson/ Lewis Carroll

 True to his methodical form, the "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" author translated his name, Charles Lutwidge to Latin (Carolus Ludovicus), flipped his first and last names, and translated it loosely back to English, to come up with Lewis Carroll. His publisher ultimately chose the name among a list of other names Dodgson offered him.
 Samuel Clemens/ Mark Twain

 Clemens played around with a number of pseudonyms, but the name that made him famous came from a familiar phrase on the Mississippi riverboats Clemens grew up working on. "Twain" is archaic way of saying "two" and "mark" a term to declare maritime depth, measured in fathoms, thus "mark twain" was often shouted to mean "the depth is two fathoms." In "Life of the Mississippi" Clemens actually credited another boat captain who would sign his dispatches to the local paper with "Mark Twain" for the idea.
 Steven King/ Richard Bachman

 Early in his career, King also published work under the name "Richard Bachman," because at the time he thought publishing more than one book a year wasn't really accepted in the publishing world. He didn't put much thought into it, King has said. When the publishing company called him asking for a name, he took "Richard" from a Richard Starks novel (coincidentally also a pseudonym) sitting on his desk and "Bachman" from a song by Bachman Turner Overdrive playing on his record player.
 Eric Blair/ George Orwell

 Though George Orwell, née Eric Blair, signed his early works and reviews with his birth name or initials, he asked his publisher if "Down and Out in Paris and London" could be published under a pseudonym, "as I am not proud of it," he wrote. Scholars take this to mean that he both feared his book might be failure, and that he didn't want to harm his family's reputation with his "down and out" antics described in the book. The publisher suggested simply "X," but Blair wanted something better that he could use again "if this book doesn't flop as I anticipate." He suggested "George Orwell" among a few others. Orwell indeed continued to use the name for his future novels, but a few days before his death, requested to be buried under his birth name of Eric Blair.

Nokia Lumia 520 review

Nokia's Lumia series has been setting a pretty high standard for smartphones recently. The 520 is cheapest of the bunch, but it still manages to pack in a lot for a budget smartphone, in part thanks to the Windows Phone 8 operating system.

It's on sale now for around £100.

Design
The 520 looks similar to other Lumias with its gently curving sides and flat face covered entirely by a single sheet of scratch-resistant glass (not Corning Gorilla Glass on this budget model though). Unlike pricier Lumias like the 720 the polycarbonate cover isn't fixed and you can pull it off to change the battery and access microSIM and microSD memory cards.

While those pricier Lumias are often available in different colours, the 520's removable back cover means you can change the colour with your mood for a lot less than it costs to change your phone -- you can choose between black, white, red, blue and yellow. And with the ability to change the colour scheme of the Windows Phone 8 operating system, you can switch that to match or clash with your cover too.
The four-inch screen is a little smaller than the one on the 720 but it offers the same resolution -- 800x480 pixels, which since it's a smaller screen actually offers a slightly higher resolution of 235 pixels per inch (the 720's 4.3-inch screen offers 217 ppi). You won't notice too much of a difference, but it's nice to know, and even if the screen isn't up there with the best, it's still gloriously bright, sharp and vibrant with rich colours and deep blacks -- certainly better than it has a right to be at this price. Also like those more expensive Lumias you can adjust the sensitivity of the touchscreen, so you can work it with a fingernail or while you're wearing gloves.
Features and performance
One of the standout points of the 520 is that it comes with the same dual-core 1GHz processor backed by 512MB as you'll find on both the more expensive 620 and 720 models. Admittedly, it doesn't have the same sort of oomph as the big quad-core powerhouses, but operation is smooth, with only a hint of delay when opening apps. Web pages display quickly without jerkiness and HD games like Asphalt 7 Heat work perfectly well too. It delivered an Antutu performance benchmark rating of 6,595, which puts it slightly behind some other dual-core Windows devices like the Lumia 720 and the HTC Windows 8S.

 Windows Phone 8 is bedding in nicely as an operating system, and once you get used to its tile-based interface it's very easy to find your way around and to customise. You can now adjust the size of the tiles and some are dynamic, so the Weather tile will give you the basics without having to press it, and People shows a constantly shifting mosaic of your contacts' profile pictures. They're not as detailed as some of the Android widgets but then they show a lot more than Apple's icons -- it's a neat compromise between the two.


Apps and software
The Windows Marketplace is improving, even though it lags well behind its rivals in terms of sheer numbers. Still, you'll find many favourites there including Spotify, Netflix and Skype. However, downloading apps may not always be as easy as it is with more expensive handsets -- the Wi-Fi aerial is noticeably less powerful than the one on the Lumia 720 for instance.
Nokia has added much of its usual fleet of extras as standard, including HERE Maps with its range of views including standard, satellite, public transport and traffic maps. You can download maps for free and use them with HERE Drive turn-by-turn satnav, even when you don't have a Wi-Fi or network connection -- only for UK and Ireland though, you'll need to splash for a higher-up Lumia to get the international maps for free. There's no sign of the nifty City Lens app which shows local businesses and points of interest displayed on your camera's viewfinder -- you'll need the 620 or higher for that. Nokia Music is all here though, with free downloadable playlists of ad-free popular tunes (up to 14 hours) and the Microsoft Office suite lets you create and edit Word and Excel documents.

Camera quality
The five-megapixel camera is the same as the one on the 620, if a notch or two below the 6.7 megapixel number on the 720. It has autofocus, an LED flash and a large F2.4 aperture to let in more light but it does without the Carl Zeiss Tessar lens that appears on more expensive Lumias from the 720 up. You can however add any of the Lenses that Nokia makes available to beef-up its camera offering. These are downloadable pieces of software that add extra functionality such as Panorama for wide-view shots, Cinemagraph, which allows you to add moving elements to still pictures, and Bing Vision, which lets you scan barcodes and QR codes as well as books, CDs and DVDs.

If you want to try Windows, but don't want to risk too much cash, the 520 will give you the flavour without the expense

Picture quality's pretty good considering the spec, and it's perfectly good enough for quick snaps when you're out and about. The video camera drops the resolution to 640x480 pixels but there's no front-facing camera, which could be a deal-breaker if you like to make video calls -- if that's what you're into you'll need to step up to the 620 or beyond.

There's 8GB of memory on board as standard, but you can add up to 64GB via microSD card if you feel the need.
The battery's not as powerful as the fixed models on the more expensive models and it won't provide the same length of performance. Still, you'll get at least a day's normal use out of it, which puts it on a par with plenty of more expensive handsets.

Conclusion
It has a fine screen, a fast processor and like other Lumias it's built to last. If you want to try Windows, but don't want to risk too much cash, the 520 will give you the flavour without the expense and deliver just as good a performance as some of its more expensive cousins. In fact, if you're not too fussed about the camera (which still isn't bad) or Skype video calls it's better value for money than either the 620 or the 720.

7 Habits That Can Enrich Life

Almost everyone wants to be wealthy or not wealthy, and may also include you. Yes, although not all people are like that. But the more people who want to be rich or have wealth. Even in order to achieve this, a lot of things that he did and he gave up. But did you know not all wealth is measured only from sheer material, even things that you yourself were trivial and not worth even that can make you rich or values ​​of others as wealth is within you.
And material wealth can not always give you happiness loh .. and it would be nice if we were not only oriented to enrich life in terms of material. But we need to enrich life with other things are much beneficial for myself and others ..
Here are 7 habits that can enrich lives

1. Habits Giving Gratitude / ThankfulThis is a special habit that can change lives for the better always. Even religion encourages us not only be grateful for the good things, but also in distress and bad days .. There is a big secret behind thanksgiving proven throughout history. Hellen Keller was blind and deaf since the age of two years, has become a well-known and admired throughout the world. One of the many motivating words were "I'm thankful for these flaws I found myself, my work and my God."
It's hard to be grateful, but we can learn gradually. Begin grateful for life, grateful for blessings, health, family, friends etc.. Eventually you might even be grateful for trouble and a bad situation.

2. Positive Thinking HabitsOur lives are shaped by what we think about most often. If you always think positive, we tend to be a positive personal. The characteristics of positive thoughts always lead to truth, goodness, compassion, hope and joy. Frequently monitor what you are thinking. If you are mired in negative thoughts, control immediately towards the positive. Make a habit of positive thinking and see how many positive things as a habit and see how many positive things that you will experience.

3. Empathize HabitsAbility to relate to others is an advantage possessed by many successful people. And one of the important elements in dealing with others is empathy, the ability or sensitivity to look at from the point of view that empathy lain.Orang could even feel the feelings of others. People who can feel empathy even feelings of others, understand the motive behind his desire and capture the attitude of others.
This is the exact opposite of the selfish attitude that it demands attention and understand other people. Although not everyone is easy to empathize, but we can learn to get used to perform actions that empathic. For example, be a good listener, learn to put yourself in the shoes of others, learn to do what you want others lakukankepada you, etc..

4. Putting The Essential HabitsThink about what is most important, and dahulukanlah!. Do not let your life get caught up in things that are not important as the things that are important neglected. Begin to sort out which ones are important and which one is not, an important prelude habits will make you an effective and productive life and improve your self-image significantly.

5. Habits Sowing SeedsSowing principle applies in life. In time you will reap what you sow. Imagine how rich your life when you are always sowing seeds of 'goodness'. But otherwise, how poor you are if diligently sow evil.

6. Habits Honest LivingWithout honesty, we can not be pribadiyang intact, it can even damage the self-esteem and your own future. Start getting used to being honest, not only to themselves but also to sendir others. Start telling the truth, despite the risk. When you lie, you lie control your piecemeal

7. Sharing HabitsThe habit of sharing or charity is in addition very helpful to other people, this practice will also be useful for the culprit. Because in religion, every single charity then we'll get 10x feedback from our charity is. And this habit can make you much more sensitive to the environment and the fate of others.